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79 CE

The eruption buried buildings and objects that help archaeologists reconstruct everyday Roman life.

Pompeii Sites — Pompeii after the Eruption (new tab)

80 CE

The opening celebrations lasted about one hundred days.

Parco archeologico del Colosseo — Blood and the Arena (new tab)

113 CE

Its spiral relief turns a military campaign into a continuous carved narrative.

Parco archeologico del Colosseo — Colonna Traiana (new tab)

122 CE

The frontier stretched from the River Tyne to the Solway Firth; construction took several years.

English Heritage — Hadrian's Wall facts and FAQs (new tab)

635 CE

King Oswald granted the island to Aidan and his companions from Iona.

English Heritage — History of Lindisfarne Priory (new tab)

793 CE

A Christian community continued on the island after the attack.

English Heritage — History of Lindisfarne Priory (new tab)

1066 CE

The battle took place near today's town of Battle, several miles from Hastings itself.

English Heritage — What Happened at the Battle of Hastings? (new tab)

1215 CE

The charter was repeatedly reissued; the first settlement did not end the political conflict.

The National Archives — Magna Carta (new tab)

1245 CE

His earlier Lady Chapel project preceded the larger rebuilding by more than two decades.

Westminster Abbey — Architecture (new tab)

1436 CE

The dome has two connected shells; its lantern was completed after Brunelleschi's death.

Opera di Santa Maria del Fiore — Brunelleschi Dome (new tab)

1492 CE

The voyage began under the Spanish Crown.

Library of Congress — 1492–1695 timeline (new tab)

1492 CE

The expulsion followed a royal decree.

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1558 CE

Her accession and her coronation happened in different calendar years.

Historic Royal Palaces — Elizabeth I, the last Tudor (new tab)

1588 CE

The fleet's attempted return around Scotland and Ireland brought further losses.

Royal Museums Greenwich — Charts of the Spanish Armada (new tab)

1599 CE

The present-day Globe is the third theatre to bear the name.

Shakespeare's Globe — Globe Theatre history (new tab)

1605 CE

Guards found Guy Fawkes with gunpowder beneath the House of Lords.

Historic Royal Palaces — Guy Fawkes and the Gunpowder Plot (new tab)

1607 CE

Jamestown was established in the Chesapeake region.

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1610 CE

The book described Jupiter's four observed satellites and the Moon's uneven surface.

Museo Galileo — Sidereus nuncius (new tab)

1620 CE

The voyage ended on the Atlantic coast of North America.

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1636 CE

The colony became associated with freedom of worship.

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1654 CE

Their arrival is part of the history of Jewish settlement in North America.

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1666 CE

Reconstruction largely followed the old street pattern despite proposals for a new city plan.

London Museum — London's catastrophic fires (new tab)

1681 CE

The colony was named Pennsylvania.

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1687 CE

Halley took responsibility for publishing the completed work when the Royal Society lacked funds.

Royal Society — Principia and Isaac Newton's book (new tab)

1692 CE

The accusations took place in colonial New England.

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1714 CE

The promised reward increased with the accuracy of a proposed longitude method.

Royal Museums Greenwich — Longitude Act source sheet (new tab)

1730 CE

The building stood in Lower Manhattan.

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1749 CE

The congregation is part of Charleston's Jewish history.

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1763 CE

The building is in Rhode Island.

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1770 CE

The confrontation occurred before American independence.

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1773 CE

The protest is known as the Boston Tea Party.

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1775 CE

The ride took place during the American Revolution.

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1776 CE

Adoption came before most delegates signed the parchment copy.

U.S. National Archives — Creating the Declaration: A Timeline (new tab)

1777 CE

The document preceded the U.S. Constitution.

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1778 CE

The agreement was made during the American Revolution.

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1783 CE

The agreement involved Great Britain and the United States.

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1787 CE

The convention moved from revising the existing system to proposing a new one.

U.S. National Archives — Constitution of the United States (new tab)

1787 CE

It established a framework for governing territory northwest of the Ohio River.

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1788 CE

The document had been signed the previous year.

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1789 CE

The inauguration followed the adoption of the Constitution.

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1789 CE

Its early events took place in France.

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1789 CE

It was enacted during George Washington's presidency.

U.S. National Archives — Milestone Documents (new tab)

1791 CE

Congress proposed twelve amendments; ten received enough state approvals at this stage.

U.S. National Archives — Bill of Rights (new tab)

1791 CE

The change occurred during the French Revolution.

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1793 CE

The machine separated cotton fibers from seeds.

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1794 CE

A patent is distinct from the invention's earlier development.

U.S. National Archives — Milestone Documents (new tab)

1798 CE

The laws were passed during John Adams's presidency.

U.S. National Archives — Milestone Documents (new tab)

1799 CE

Its parallel inscriptions in three scripts later helped scholars decipher Egyptian hieroglyphs.

British Museum — Hieroglyphs: unlocking ancient Egypt, large print guide (new tab)

1800 CE

The election took place at the turn of the nineteenth century.

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1803 CE

The purchase involved territory controlled by France.

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1803 CE

The decision is associated with judicial review.

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1804 CE

His coronation took place in Paris.

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1804 CE

The expedition is also known as the Corps of Discovery.

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1806 CE

Its dissolution took place during the Napoleonic era.

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1812 CE

The conflict is known as the War of 1812.

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1814 CE

The attack took place in Washington.

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1814 CE

The treaty helped end the War of 1812.

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1818 CE

Hamburg is in Germany.

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1819 CE

It was an early steamship crossing of the Atlantic.

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1819 CE

The case concerned federal and state powers.

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1820 CE

It addressed slavery and the admission of states.

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1823 CE

The doctrine concerned European involvement in the Americas.

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1824 CE

The composer worked in the European classical music tradition.

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1824 CE

The case concerned congressional authority over interstate commerce.

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1825 CE

The canal linked inland waterways with the Hudson River.

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1828 CE

Webster's dictionary documented American English usage.

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1833 CE

The book was published in Charleston.

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1838 CE

The school was established in Pennsylvania.

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1839 CE

The Library of Congress timeline also records early American daguerreotypes in the same year.

Library of Congress — Daguerreian Era Timeline (new tab)

1841 CE

A negative could be used to produce positive photographic prints.

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1843 CE

It began as a Jewish fraternal organization.

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1844 CE

Alfred Vail received the signal in Baltimore and sent a confirmation back.

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1846 CE

The conflict preceded the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

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1848 CE

Seneca Falls is in New York State.

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1848 CE

The rush drew people to California.

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1848 CE

The agreement ended the U.S.-Mexican War.

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1850 CE

The measures addressed slavery and territory.

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1852 CE

The novel addressed slavery in the United States.

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1853 CE

The conflict initially involved Russia and the Ottoman Empire.

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1854 CE

The act concerned the organization of western territories.

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1857 CE

The decision concerned slavery and citizenship.

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1859 CE

The book presented an account of evolution by natural selection.

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1860 CE

The election preceded the American Civil War.

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1861 CE

The emancipation occurred under Tsar Alexander II.

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1861 CE

The war followed the secession crisis.

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1862 CE

The law concerned settlement of public land.

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1862 CE

The law supported a transcontinental railroad.

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1862 CE

The law helped establish land-grant colleges.

U.S. National Archives — Milestone Documents (new tab)

1863 CE

The proclamation applied to enslaved people in the areas described as being in rebellion.

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1863 CE

The address was delivered during the Civil War.

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1865 CE

His death came near the end of the Civil War.

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1865 CE

The amendment abolished slavery in the United States, with an exception for punishment following conviction of a crime.

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1867 CE

The purchase involved territory in northwestern North America.

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1867 CE

The work examined capitalism and political economy.

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1868 CE

The amendment addressed citizenship and equal protection under the law.

U.S. National Archives — Milestone Documents (new tab)

1868 CE

The treaty addressed land and the Great Sioux Reservation.

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1869 CE

The canal connects the Mediterranean and Red Seas.

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1869 CE

The railroad linked the eastern and western railway networks.

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1870 CE

The amendment barred denying the vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

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1870 CE

The war involved France and Prussia.

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1872 CE

Yellowstone became a national park in the American West.

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1874 CE

The event brought independent artists together outside the official Paris Salon.

Library of Congress — Churchill and the Great Republic Timeline (new tab)

1875 CE

The college became a center of Reform Jewish education.

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1876 CE

Bell and Watson demonstrated a successfully transmitted spoken message three days after the patent.

Library of Congress — Alexander Graham Bell papers: timeline (new tab)

1876 CE

The theatrical tradition used the Yiddish language.

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1877 CE

The early machine recorded vibrations as indentations in tinfoil wrapped around a cylinder.

Library of Congress — North American Phonograph Company: historical background (new tab)

1882 CE

The act restricted immigration from China.

U.S. National Archives — Milestone Documents (new tab)

1883 CE

The act addressed federal civil service reform.

U.S. National Archives — Milestone Documents (new tab)

1885 CE

The building is associated with the early history of skyscrapers.

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1886 CE

The Library of Congress timeline places the patent on January 29.

Library of Congress — Churchill and the Great Republic Timeline (new tab)

1886 CE

The statue stands on an island in the harbor.

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1887 CE

The law concerned regulation of interstate transport.

U.S. National Archives — Milestone Documents (new tab)

1887 CE

The law affected Native American tribal lands.

U.S. National Archives — Milestone Documents (new tab)

1889 CE

Gustave Eiffel marked its inauguration by flying the French flag from the top.

Eiffel Tower — The French flag on the Eiffel Tower (new tab)

1890 CE

The law addressed restraints on trade and monopolies.

U.S. National Archives — Milestone Documents (new tab)

1893 CE

The fair was held in Illinois.

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1895 CE

The settlement served the Lower East Side.

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1896 CE

The Games took place in Greece.

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1896 CE

The ruling concerned racial segregation.

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1897 CE

Basel is in Switzerland.

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1898 CE

The conflict involved Spain and the United States.

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1900 CE

The book is associated with psychoanalysis.

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1901 CE

The official prize record lists Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen for the 1901 prize in Physics.

Nobel Prize — Physics prize record (new tab)

1902 CE

The official prize record lists Emil Fischer for the 1902 prize in Chemistry.

Nobel Prize — Chemistry prize record (new tab)

1903 CE

The company became a major automobile manufacturer.

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1903 CE

The poem appears on a bronze tablet.

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1903 CE

The official prize record lists Niels Ryberg Finsen for the 1903 prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Nobel Prize — Physiology or Medicine prize record (new tab)

1903 CE

Orville piloted the first flight, which lasted twelve seconds and covered about 120 feet.

Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum — Wright Flyer (new tab)

1905 CE

The official prize record lists Henryk Sienkiewicz for the 1905 prize in Literature.

Nobel Prize — Literature prize record (new tab)

1906 CE

The disaster occurred in California.

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1906 CE

The official prize record lists Theodore Roosevelt for the 1906 prize in Peace.

Nobel Prize — Peace prize record (new tab)

1907 CE

The official prize record lists Albert A. Michelson for the 1907 prize in Physics.

Nobel Prize — Physics prize record (new tab)

1909 CE

The organization advocates for civil rights.

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1909 CE

The official prize record lists Guglielmo Marconi for the 1909 prize in Physics.

Nobel Prize — Physics prize record (new tab)

1910 CE

The official prize record lists Otto Wallach for the 1910 prize in Chemistry.

Nobel Prize — Chemistry prize record (new tab)

1911 CE

His expedition traveled across Antarctica.

Library of Congress — 1900s timeline (new tab)

1911 CE

The disaster drew attention to factory working conditions.

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1911 CE

The official prize record lists Allvar Gullstrand for the 1911 prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Nobel Prize — Physiology or Medicine prize record (new tab)

1912 CE

The ship struck an iceberg before sinking.

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1913 CE

The amendment concerned federal income tax.

U.S. National Archives — Milestone Documents (new tab)

1913 CE

The amendment provided for direct election of U.S. senators.

U.S. National Archives — Milestone Documents (new tab)

1913 CE

The official prize record lists Rabindranath Tagore for the 1913 prize in Literature.

Nobel Prize — Literature prize record (new tab)

1914 CE

The conflict began in Europe.

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1914 CE

The canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

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1914 CE

The official prize record lists Max von Laue for the 1914 prize in Physics.

Nobel Prize — Physics prize record (new tab)

1916 CE

He was the first Jewish justice on the court.

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1916 CE

The law addressed goods produced using child labor.

U.S. National Archives — Milestone Documents (new tab)

1916 CE

The official prize record lists Verner von Heidenstam for the 1916 prize in Literature.

Nobel Prize — Literature prize record (new tab)

1917 CE

The war had begun in Europe several years earlier.

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1917 CE

The declaration concerned a Jewish national home in Palestine.

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1917 CE

The official prize record lists Charles Glover Barkla for the 1917 prize in Physics.

Nobel Prize — Physics prize record (new tab)

1918 CE

The outbreak coincided with the First World War.

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1918 CE

The proposals concerned peace after the First World War.

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1918 CE

The official prize record lists Fritz Haber for the 1918 prize in Chemistry.

Nobel Prize — Chemistry prize record (new tab)

1920 CE

The international organization was formed after the First World War.

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1920 CE

The amendment prohibited denying the vote on the basis of sex.

U.S. National Archives — Milestone Documents (new tab)

1920 CE

The official prize record lists August Krogh for the 1920 prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Nobel Prize — Physiology or Medicine prize record (new tab)

1921 CE

The official prize record lists Anatole France for the 1921 prize in Literature.

Nobel Prize — Literature prize record (new tab)

1922 CE

The official prize record lists Fridtjof Nansen for the 1922 prize in Peace.

Nobel Prize — Peace prize record (new tab)

1924 CE

The law limited immigration to the United States.

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1924 CE

The official prize record lists Manne Siegbahn for the 1924 prize in Physics.

Nobel Prize — Physics prize record (new tab)

1925 CE

The trial concerned the teaching of evolution.

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1925 CE

The official prize record lists James Franck for the 1925 prize in Physics.

Nobel Prize — Physics prize record (new tab)

1926 CE

The official prize record lists The Svedberg for the 1926 prize in Chemistry.

Nobel Prize — Chemistry prize record (new tab)

1927 CE

The movie became associated with the transition to sound films.

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1928 CE

The project concerned the Colorado River.

U.S. National Archives — Milestone Documents (new tab)

1928 CE

The official prize record lists Charles Nicolle for the 1928 prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Nobel Prize — Physiology or Medicine prize record (new tab)

1929 CE

The crash preceded the Great Depression.

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1929 CE

The official prize record lists Thomas Mann for the 1929 prize in Literature.

Nobel Prize — Literature prize record (new tab)

1930 CE

The protest opposed British salt laws.

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1931 CE

The skyscraper stands in Manhattan.

Library of Congress — 1900s timeline (new tab)

1931 CE

The official prize record lists Jane Addams for the 1931 prize in Peace.

Nobel Prize — Peace prize record (new tab)

1932 CE

The official prize record lists Werner Heisenberg for the 1932 prize in Physics.

Nobel Prize — Physics prize record (new tab)

1933 CE

His appointment preceded the Second World War.

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1933 CE

The act created a federal agency serving the Tennessee Valley.

U.S. National Archives — Milestone Documents (new tab)

1933 CE

The official prize record lists Erwin Schrödinger for the 1933 prize in Physics.

Nobel Prize — Physics prize record (new tab)

1935 CE

The laws deprived German Jews of rights.

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1935 CE

The act addressed collective bargaining and labor relations.

U.S. National Archives — Milestone Documents (new tab)

1935 CE

The official prize record lists Frédéric Joliot for the 1935 prize in Chemistry.

Nobel Prize — Chemistry prize record (new tab)

1935 CE

The National Archives includes the act in its collection of milestone documents.

U.S. National Archives — Milestone Documents (new tab)

1936 CE

The conflict took place in Spain.

Library of Congress — 1900s timeline (new tab)

1936 CE

He left the throne before the Second World War.

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1936 CE

The official prize record lists Sir Henry Dale for the 1936 prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Nobel Prize — Physiology or Medicine prize record (new tab)

1937 CE

The painting responds to the Spanish Civil War.

Library of Congress — 1900s timeline (new tab)

1937 CE

The bridge crosses the entrance to San Francisco Bay.

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1937 CE

The official prize record lists Roger Martin du Gard for the 1937 prize in Literature.

Nobel Prize — Literature prize record (new tab)

1938 CE

The annexation preceded the Second World War.

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1938 CE

Synagogues and Jewish businesses were among the targets.

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1939 CE

The invasion triggered declarations of war by Britain and France.

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1939 CE

The official prize record lists Ernest Lawrence for the 1939 prize in Physics.

Nobel Prize — Physics prize record (new tab)

1927 CE

Earlier Atlantic crossings were not both solo and nonstop; the qualifiers matter.

Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum — Charles Lindbergh (new tab)

1928 CE

Fleming isolated the mould to investigate its effect on the nearby bacterial colonies.

Nobel Prize — Alexander Fleming's Nobel Lecture (new tab)

1932 CE

She departed Newfoundland and landed near Londonderry in Northern Ireland.

Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum — Long-distance flight records (new tab)

1940 CE

He took office during the Second World War.

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1941 CE

The attack brought the United States into the Second World War.

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1941 CE

The speech outlined freedoms he considered fundamental.

U.S. National Archives — Milestone Documents (new tab)

1941 CE

The order was issued by President Franklin Roosevelt.

U.S. National Archives — Milestone Documents (new tab)

1941 CE

Lend-Lease allowed the United States to supply material to countries whose defense was considered vital.

U.S. National Archives — Milestone Documents (new tab)

1942 CE

The order enabled the forced removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans.

U.S. National Archives — Milestone Documents (new tab)

1943 CE

The official prize record lists Otto Stern for the 1943 prize in Physics.

Nobel Prize — Physics prize record (new tab)

1944 CE

The landings took place on the coast of France.

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1944 CE

The law is commonly known as the GI Bill.

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1944 CE

The official prize record lists Isidor Isaac Rabi for the 1944 prize in Physics.

Nobel Prize — Physics prize record (new tab)

1945 CE

The transition occurred during the Second World War.

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1945 CE

The Charter was signed in San Francisco before enough ratifications made it effective.

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1946 CE

The speech is associated with the early Cold War.

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1946 CE

The official prize record lists James B. Sumner for the 1946 prize in Chemistry.

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1947 CE

The manuscripts were found in the region near the Dead Sea.

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1947 CE

The policy is associated with the early Cold War.

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1947 CE

The official prize record lists Carl Cori for the 1947 prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Nobel Prize — Physiology or Medicine prize record (new tab)

1948 CE

The event took place after the Second World War.

Library of Congress — 1900s timeline (new tab)

1948 CE

Gandhi had led campaigns for Indian independence.

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1948 CE

The directive was Executive Order 9981.

U.S. National Archives — Milestone Documents (new tab)

1949 CE

The alliance was formed during the early Cold War.

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1949 CE

The official prize record lists William Faulkner for the 1949 prize in Literature.

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1950 CE

The fighting took place on the Korean Peninsula.

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1950 CE

The official prize record lists Ralph Bunche for the 1950 prize in Peace.

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1951 CE

The official prize record lists John Cockcroft for the 1951 prize in Physics.

Nobel Prize — Physics prize record (new tab)

1952 CE

Her reign began after the death of George VI.

Library of Congress — 1900s timeline (new tab)

1953 CE

DNA carries genetic information.

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1953 CE

The agreement halted active fighting on the Korean Peninsula.

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1953 CE

The official prize record lists Frits Zernike for the 1953 prize in Physics.

Nobel Prize — Physics prize record (new tab)

1954 CE

The decision addressed racial segregation in public schools.

U.S. National Archives — Milestone Documents (new tab)

1954 CE

The official prize record lists Linus Pauling for the 1954 prize in Chemistry.

Nobel Prize — Chemistry prize record (new tab)

1955 CE

The vaccine targeted poliomyelitis.

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1955 CE

The official prize record lists Hugo Theorell for the 1955 prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Nobel Prize — Physiology or Medicine prize record (new tab)

1956 CE

The crisis involved the Suez Canal and Egypt.

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1956 CE

The act supported the Interstate Highway System.

U.S. National Archives — Milestone Documents (new tab)

1957 CE

The official prize record lists Albert Camus for the 1957 prize in Literature.

Nobel Prize — Literature prize record (new tab)

1957 CE

The launch prompted a major reassessment of American science and space policy.

NASA — Sputnik and the Origins of the Space Age (new tab)

1958 CE

The agency opened for business later that year.

NASA — 60 Moments in NASA History (new tab)

1958 CE

A launch problem prevented its planned lunar orbit.

NASA — 60 Moments in NASA History (new tab)

1958 CE

The official prize record lists Georges Pire for the 1958 prize in Peace.

Nobel Prize — Peace prize record (new tab)

1959 CE

They became the 49th and 50th states.

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1959 CE

The group consisted of experienced test pilots.

NASA — 60 Moments in NASA History (new tab)

1959 CE

The official prize record lists Emilio Segrè for the 1959 prize in Physics.

Nobel Prize — Physics prize record (new tab)

1960 CE

Echo reflected signals rather than generating them.

NASA — 60 Moments in NASA History (new tab)

1960 CE

Its images demonstrated that satellites could observe clouds and weather patterns.

NASA — 60 Moments in NASA History (new tab)

1961 CE

The flight lasted approximately fifteen minutes.

NASA — 60 Moments in NASA History (new tab)

1961 CE

Gagarin's flight lasted approximately 108 minutes.

NASA Science — Yuri Gagarin: First Human in Space (new tab)

1961 CE

The wall divided Berlin during the Cold War.

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1961 CE

His announcement came during the space race.

NASA — 60 Moments in NASA History (new tab)

1961 CE

The program sent American volunteers abroad.

U.S. National Archives — Milestone Documents (new tab)

1961 CE

The official prize record lists Robert Hofstadter for the 1961 prize in Physics.

Nobel Prize — Physics prize record (new tab)

1962 CE

Glenn completed three orbits during his flight.

NASA — 60 Moments in NASA History (new tab)

1962 CE

NASA describes it as the first space mission to study another planet at close range.

NASA — 60 Moments in NASA History (new tab)

1962 CE

The official prize record lists Max F. Perutz for the 1962 prize in Chemistry.

Nobel Prize — Chemistry prize record (new tab)

1962 CE

Later that month it relayed a public transatlantic television signal.

NASA — 60 Moments in NASA History (new tab)

1963 CE

The National Archives preserves an official program from the march.

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1964 CE

The law addressed discrimination in public places and employment.

U.S. National Archives — Milestone Documents (new tab)

1964 CE

The musical opened in New York City.

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1964 CE

The official prize record lists Konrad Bloch for the 1964 prize in Physiology or Medicine.

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1965 CE

Practicing spacewalks helped prepare NASA for later missions.

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1965 CE

The march was part of the U.S. civil rights movement.

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1965 CE

The satellite operated in geosynchronous orbit.

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1965 CE

The official prize record lists Mikhail Sholokhov for the 1965 prize in Literature.

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1966 CE

The official prize record lists Alfred Kastler for the 1966 prize in Physics.

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1967 CE

The conflict involved Israel and neighboring states.

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1967 CE

NASA subsequently reworked the Apollo spacecraft.

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1968 CE

The crew viewed Earth from lunar orbit on Christmas Eve.

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1968 CE

The aircraft contributed to hypersonic flight research.

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1968 CE

The official prize record lists Luis Alvarez for the 1968 prize in Physics.

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1969 CE

The mission launched several days before the lunar landing and returned safely to Earth afterward.

NASA NSSDCA — Apollo 11 mission summary (new tab)

1969 CE

The official prize record lists Murray Gell-Mann for the 1969 prize in Physics.

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1970 CE

The crew returned to Earth using the lunar module as a lifeboat.

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1970 CE

The official prize record lists Luis Leloir for the 1970 prize in Chemistry.

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1971 CE

The design addressed airflow near the speed of sound.

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1971 CE

A dust storm delayed its initial mapping of the Martian surface.

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1972 CE

She was ordained by Hebrew Union College.

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1972 CE

The system used a computer to help control the aircraft.

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1972 CE

The image was taken on the way to the Moon.

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1972 CE

Landsat began a long-running record of observations of Earth’s surface.

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1972 CE

The official prize record lists Gerald M. Edelman for the 1972 prize in Physiology or Medicine.

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1973 CE

The conflict involved Israel and neighboring states.

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1973 CE

The official prize record lists Patrick White for the 1973 prize in Literature.

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1973 CE

Skylab gave astronauts a place to work in orbit for extended periods.

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1974 CE

His resignation followed the Watergate scandal.

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1974 CE

The official prize record lists Seán MacBride for the 1974 prize in Peace.

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1975 CE

The docking linked spacecraft from the United States and the Soviet Union.

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1976 CE

The official prize record lists Milton Friedman for the 1976 prize in Economic Sciences.

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1976 CE

NASA describes Viking 1 as the beginning of its long exploration of the Red Planet.

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1977 CE

The official prize record lists Philip W. Anderson for the 1977 prize in Physics.

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1977 CE

Both Voyager spacecraft carry Golden Records containing sounds and images of Earth.

NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory — Voyager 1 (new tab)

1978 CE

The accords involved Egypt and Israel.

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1978 CE

The birth is a milestone in reproductive medicine.

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1978 CE

The group was selected for the space shuttle era.

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1979 CE

She became the first woman to hold the office.

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1979 CE

The official prize record lists Herbert C. Brown for the 1979 prize in Chemistry.

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1980 CE

The volcano is in the Pacific Northwest.

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1980 CE

The official prize record lists Baruj Benacerraf for the 1980 prize in Physiology or Medicine.

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1981 CE

She became the first woman on the court.

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1981 CE

The official prize record lists Elias Canetti for the 1981 prize in Literature.

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1981 CE

The shuttle was designed as a reusable space vehicle.

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1983 CE

He flew on a space shuttle mission.

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1983 CE

The official prize record lists Lech Wałęsa for the 1983 prize in Peace.

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1983 CE

Her flight is listed in NASA’s history timeline.

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1984 CE

The computer helped popularize a graphical interface and mouse.

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1984 CE

The crew replaced instruments on the satellite.

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1984 CE

The official prize record lists Richard Stone for the 1984 prize in Economic Sciences.

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1985 CE

The official prize record lists Klaus von Klitzing for the 1985 prize in Physics.

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1986 CE

The disaster took place in what is now Ukraine.

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1986 CE

Seven crew members died in the disaster.

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1987 CE

The official prize record lists Donald J. Cram for the 1987 prize in Chemistry.

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1988 CE

The official prize record lists Sir James W. Black for the 1988 prize in Physiology or Medicine.

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1989 CE

The event came near the end of the Cold War.

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1989 CE

COBE studied the universe's background radiation.

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1989 CE

The official prize record lists Camilo José Cela for the 1989 prize in Literature.

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1989 CE

The Web combined hypertext with networks to help researchers share information.

CERN — A short history of the Web (new tab)

1990 CE

Mandela opposed apartheid.

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1990 CE

Hubble was deployed from the shuttle the day after launch.

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1991 CE

The official prize record lists Aung San Suu Kyi for the 1991 prize in Peace.

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1992 CE

The agreement concerned trade in North America.

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1992 CE

The official prize record lists Gary Becker for the 1992 prize in Economic Sciences.

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1993 CE

The museum documents the history of the Holocaust.

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1993 CE

She was appointed during Bill Clinton's presidency.

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1993 CE

The partners included the United States, Russia, Japan, Canada and Europe.

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1994 CE

The official prize record lists Bertram N. Brockhouse for the 1994 prize in Physics.

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1995 CE

The attack took place in Oklahoma.

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1995 CE

The official prize record lists Paul J. Crutzen for the 1995 prize in Chemistry.

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1996 CE

The official prize record lists Peter C. Doherty for the 1996 prize in Physiology or Medicine.

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1998 CE

He had orbited Earth in the Mercury program decades earlier.

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1998 CE

The official prize record lists José Saramago for the 1998 prize in Literature.

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1998 CE

The Russian-built module flew alone before a shuttle mission connected it with Unity.

NASA — Zarya Module (new tab)

1999 CE

The mission was STS-96.

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1999 CE

Her mission launched the Chandra X-ray Observatory.

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1999 CE

The official prize record lists Doctors Without Borders for the 1999 prize in Peace.

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2000 CE

Expedition 1 began a continuing human presence aboard the station.

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2000 CE

The official prize record lists James J. Heckman for the 2000 prize in Economic Sciences.

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2002 CE

The official prize record lists Raymond Davis Jr. for the 2002 prize in Physics.

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2003 CE

Seven crew members died in the disaster.

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2003 CE

The official prize record lists Peter Agre for the 2003 prize in Chemistry.

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2004 CE

The official prize record lists Richard Axel for the 2004 prize in Physiology or Medicine.

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2005 CE

The European probe traveled to Saturn with Cassini.

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2006 CE

The samples came from comet Wild 2.

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2006 CE

The official prize record lists Orhan Pamuk for the 2006 prize in Literature.

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2007 CE

The official prize record lists Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for the 2007 prize in Peace.

Nobel Prize — Peace prize record (new tab)

2009 CE

The official prize record lists Elinor Ostrom for the 2009 prize in Economic Sciences.

Nobel Prize — Economic Sciences prize record (new tab)

2010 CE

The official prize record lists Andre Geim for the 2010 prize in Physics.

Nobel Prize — Physics prize record (new tab)

2011 CE

The official prize record lists Dan Shechtman for the 2011 prize in Chemistry.

Nobel Prize — Chemistry prize record (new tab)

2012 CE

Voyager 1 launched decades earlier.

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2013 CE

The official prize record lists James E. Rothman for the 2013 prize in Physiology or Medicine.

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2014 CE

The official prize record lists Patrick Modiano for the 2014 prize in Literature.

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2015 CE

The spacecraft returned close-up views of the dwarf planet.

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2015 CE

The official prize record lists National Dialogue Quartet for the 2015 prize in Peace.

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2016 CE

Juno studies the giant planet.

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2017 CE

The official prize record lists Richard H. Thaler for the 2017 prize in Economic Sciences.

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2018 CE

The official prize record lists Arthur Ashkin for the 2018 prize in Physics.

Nobel Prize — Physics prize record (new tab)

2020 CE

The official prize record lists Emmanuelle Charpentier for the 2020 prize in Chemistry.

Nobel Prize — Chemistry prize record (new tab)

2021 CE

The telescope launched from French Guiana, rather than from a United States launch site.

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2022 CE

The test mission sent Orion beyond the Moon before returning it to Earth.

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